Plastic pipework standards for the conveyance of drinking water, waste water, chemicals, heating and cooling fluids, foodstuffs, ultra-pure liquids, slurries, gases, compressed air and vacuum system applications. Plastic Pressure Pipe Systems have many advantages to offer to the designer, installer and end user of pipe systems; they are light weight, easier to install than metal piping systems, faster to install as well as being more cost effective than metal piping systems. They are used for both above and below ground applications. A well installed and well maintained Plastic Pressure Pipe System could have a life cycle of up to 50 years. This is dependent upon the medium, temperature, chemical consistency, pressure and type of plastic pressure pipe system selected. Plastic Pressure Pipe Systems have been in use since the 1950s.
The most common Plastic Pressure Pipe Systems are:
* ABS Pipe Systems
* PVC Pipe Systems uPVC Pipe Systems PVCu Pipe Systems or PVC-U Pipe Systems
* PVC-C Pipe Systems
* PP Pipe Systems
* PE Pipe Systems or MDPE Pipe Systems
Tuesday, December 7, 2010
Double-walled pipe
A double-walled pipe is a secondary contained piping system. It is a pipe within a pipe or encased in an outer covering, with an annulus (interstitial space)between the two diameters. The inner pipe is the primary or carrier pipe and the outer pipe is called the secondary or containment pipe. The great majority of double-walled piping applications involve wastewater, groundwater and process safety.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards, published in 40 CFR Parts 280 and 281 , mandate double-walled piping for many below-ground transport systems in wastewater treatment plants and at sanitary or hazardous-waste landfills or remediation sites. These and other regulations affect below-grade transport of hazardous materials in fuel storage systems, tank farms, drainage or runoff from process plants, and some food-processing and related applications. Double-walled containment systems are also used for certain classes of toxic or corrosive chemicals — mostly gases — used in semiconductor fabrication. Double-walled pipes may also be used where a waste water pipe traverses a drinking water catchment area.
Double-walled pipe system may use plastic pressure pipe systems materials of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), polypropylene (PP), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE). Dual-wall stainless steel tubing is most commonly used in semiconductor plants for the containment of highly toxic gases.
A leak detection system in the containment pipe indicates if the carrier pipe is leaking. Double wall pipes are usually hydrostatically tested or tested to hold and maintain a target gas pressure before the first use.
A special application of a double-walled pipe is a jacketed pipe, which is used to make high viscosity liquids flow at normal temperature through the carrier pipe. The outer pipe circulates hot fluids that heats up the carrier pipe.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards, published in 40 CFR Parts 280 and 281 , mandate double-walled piping for many below-ground transport systems in wastewater treatment plants and at sanitary or hazardous-waste landfills or remediation sites. These and other regulations affect below-grade transport of hazardous materials in fuel storage systems, tank farms, drainage or runoff from process plants, and some food-processing and related applications. Double-walled containment systems are also used for certain classes of toxic or corrosive chemicals — mostly gases — used in semiconductor fabrication. Double-walled pipes may also be used where a waste water pipe traverses a drinking water catchment area.
Double-walled pipe system may use plastic pressure pipe systems materials of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), polypropylene (PP), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer (ECTFE). Dual-wall stainless steel tubing is most commonly used in semiconductor plants for the containment of highly toxic gases.
A leak detection system in the containment pipe indicates if the carrier pipe is leaking. Double wall pipes are usually hydrostatically tested or tested to hold and maintain a target gas pressure before the first use.
A special application of a double-walled pipe is a jacketed pipe, which is used to make high viscosity liquids flow at normal temperature through the carrier pipe. The outer pipe circulates hot fluids that heats up the carrier pipe.
what is Piping?
Within industry, piping is a system of pipes used to convey fluids (liquids and gases) from one location to another. The engineering discipline of piping design studies the efficient transport of fluid.
Industrial process piping (and accompanying in-line components) can be manufactured from wood, fiberglass, glass, steel, aluminum, plastic, copper, and concrete. The in-line components, known as fittings, valves, and other devices, typically sense and control the pressure, flow rate and temperature of the transmitted fluid, and usually are included in the field of Piping Design (or Piping Engineering). Piping systems are documented in piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). If necessary, pipes can be cleaned by the tube cleaning process.
"Piping" sometimes refers to Piping Design or the performance of the actual layout of the physical piping within a process plant or commercial building. In earlier days, this was sometimes called Drafting, Technical drawing, Engineering Drawing, and Design but is commonly performed by Designers who have learned to used automated computer aided drawing/computer aided design (CAD) software.
Plumbing is a piping system that most people are familiar with, as it constitutes the form of fluid transportation that is used to provide potable water and fuels to their homes and business. Plumbing pipes also remove waste in the form of sewage, and allow venting of sewage gases to the outdoors. Fire sprinkler systems also use piping, and may transport potable or nonpotable water, or other fire-suppression fluids.
Piping also has many other industrial applications, which are crucial for moving raw and semi-processed fluids for refining into more useful products. Some of the more exotic materials of construction are Inconel, Titanium, chrome-moly and various other steel alloys.
Industrial process piping (and accompanying in-line components) can be manufactured from wood, fiberglass, glass, steel, aluminum, plastic, copper, and concrete. The in-line components, known as fittings, valves, and other devices, typically sense and control the pressure, flow rate and temperature of the transmitted fluid, and usually are included in the field of Piping Design (or Piping Engineering). Piping systems are documented in piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs). If necessary, pipes can be cleaned by the tube cleaning process.
"Piping" sometimes refers to Piping Design or the performance of the actual layout of the physical piping within a process plant or commercial building. In earlier days, this was sometimes called Drafting, Technical drawing, Engineering Drawing, and Design but is commonly performed by Designers who have learned to used automated computer aided drawing/computer aided design (CAD) software.
Plumbing is a piping system that most people are familiar with, as it constitutes the form of fluid transportation that is used to provide potable water and fuels to their homes and business. Plumbing pipes also remove waste in the form of sewage, and allow venting of sewage gases to the outdoors. Fire sprinkler systems also use piping, and may transport potable or nonpotable water, or other fire-suppression fluids.
Piping also has many other industrial applications, which are crucial for moving raw and semi-processed fluids for refining into more useful products. Some of the more exotic materials of construction are Inconel, Titanium, chrome-moly and various other steel alloys.
Heat pipe
A heat pipe is a heat transfer mechanism that combines the principles of both thermal conductivity and phase transition to efficiently manage the transfer of heat between two solid interfaces.
At the hot interface within a heat pipe, which is typically at a very low pressure, a liquid in contact with a thermally conductive solid surface turns into a vapor by absorbing the heat of that surface. The vapor condenses back into a liquid at the cold interface, releasing the latent heat. The liquid then returns to the hot interface through either capillary action or gravity action where it evaporates once more and repeats the cycle. In addition, the internal pressure of the heat pipe can be set or adjusted to facilitate the phase change depending on the demands of the working conditions of the thermally managed system.
At the hot interface within a heat pipe, which is typically at a very low pressure, a liquid in contact with a thermally conductive solid surface turns into a vapor by absorbing the heat of that surface. The vapor condenses back into a liquid at the cold interface, releasing the latent heat. The liquid then returns to the hot interface through either capillary action or gravity action where it evaporates once more and repeats the cycle. In addition, the internal pressure of the heat pipe can be set or adjusted to facilitate the phase change depending on the demands of the working conditions of the thermally managed system.
pipe valves and its importance
A valve is a accessory that regulates the breeze of a aqueous (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing assorted passageways. Valves are technically aqueduct fittings, but are usually discussed as a abstracted category. In an accessible valve, aqueous flows in a administration from college burden to lower pressure.
Valves are additionally begin in the animal body. For example, there are several affection valves which ascendancy the breeze of claret in the accommodation of the affection and advance the actual pumping action.
Valves are acclimated in a array of contexts, including industrial, military, commercial, residential, and transport.
The industries in which the majority of valves are acclimated are oil and gas, ability generation, mining, baptize reticulation, sewerage and actinic manufacturing.[citation needed]
Plumbing valves, such as curtains for hot and algid tap baptize are the best apparent types of valves. Other valves encountered on a circadian base accommodate gas ascendancy valves on cookers, baby valves adapted to abrasion machines and dishwashers, and assurance accessories adapted to hot baptize systems.
Valves may be operated manually, either by a duke wheel, batten or pedal. Valves may additionally be automatic, apprenticed by changes in pressure, temperature, or flow. These changes may act aloft a diaphragm or a agent which in about-face activates the valve, examples of this blazon of valve begin frequently are assurance valves adapted to hot baptize systems or boilers.
More circuitous ascendancy systems application valves acute automated ascendancy based on an alien ascribe (i.e., acclimation breeze through a aqueduct to a alteration set point) crave an actuator. An actuator will achievement the valve depending on its ascribe and set-up, acceptance the valve to be positioned accurately, and acceptance ascendancy over a array of requirements.
Valves are additionally begin in the Otto aeon (internal combustion) engines apprenticed by a camshaft, tappets or advance rods area they comedy a above role in agent aeon control.
Valves are additionally begin in the animal body. For example, there are several affection valves which ascendancy the breeze of claret in the accommodation of the affection and advance the actual pumping action.
Valves are acclimated in a array of contexts, including industrial, military, commercial, residential, and transport.
The industries in which the majority of valves are acclimated are oil and gas, ability generation, mining, baptize reticulation, sewerage and actinic manufacturing.[citation needed]
Plumbing valves, such as curtains for hot and algid tap baptize are the best apparent types of valves. Other valves encountered on a circadian base accommodate gas ascendancy valves on cookers, baby valves adapted to abrasion machines and dishwashers, and assurance accessories adapted to hot baptize systems.
Valves may be operated manually, either by a duke wheel, batten or pedal. Valves may additionally be automatic, apprenticed by changes in pressure, temperature, or flow. These changes may act aloft a diaphragm or a agent which in about-face activates the valve, examples of this blazon of valve begin frequently are assurance valves adapted to hot baptize systems or boilers.
More circuitous ascendancy systems application valves acute automated ascendancy based on an alien ascribe (i.e., acclimation breeze through a aqueduct to a alteration set point) crave an actuator. An actuator will achievement the valve depending on its ascribe and set-up, acceptance the valve to be positioned accurately, and acceptance ascendancy over a array of requirements.
Valves are additionally begin in the Otto aeon (internal combustion) engines apprenticed by a camshaft, tappets or advance rods area they comedy a above role in agent aeon control.
History of plumbing
Plumbing was acutely attenuate until the advance of avant-garde cities in the 19th century. At about the aforementioned time accessible bloom authorities began acute for more good decay auctioning systems to be installed. Earlier, the decay auctioning arrangement alone consisted of accession decay and auctioning it on arena or into a river. Standardized earthen accouterments pipes with ample flanges authoritative use of city for preventing leakages appeared in the burghal settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization by 2700 B.C. Accouterments originated during the age-old civilizations such as the Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, and Chinese civilizations as they developed accessible baths and bare to accommodate cooler water, and arising of wastes. The Romans acclimated advance aqueduct inscriptions to anticipate baptize theft. Improvement in accouterments systems was actual slow, with around no advance fabricated from the time of the Roman arrangement of aqueducts and advance pipes until the 19th century. Eventually the development of separate, underground baptize and carrion systems alone accessible carrion ditches and cesspools. Most ample cities today aqueduct solid wastes to analysis plants in adjustment to abstracted and partly absolve the baptize afore elimination into streams or added bodies of water. The use of advance for cooler baptize beneath acutely afterwards World War II because of the dangers of advance poisoning. At this time, chestnut brim was alien as a more good and safer another to advance pipes.
Another actual acclimated for accouterments pipes, decidedly baptize main, was biconcave board logs captivated in animate banding. Logs acclimated for baptize administration were acclimated in England abutting to 500 years ago. The US cities began application biconcave logs in the backward 18th through the 19th centuries
Another actual acclimated for accouterments pipes, decidedly baptize main, was biconcave board logs captivated in animate banding. Logs acclimated for baptize administration were acclimated in England abutting to 500 years ago. The US cities began application biconcave logs in the backward 18th through the 19th centuries
Piping and plumbing fittings
Fittings are used in pipe and plumbing systems to connect straight pipe or tubing sections, to adapt to different sizes or shapes, and to regulate fluid flow, for example. Fittings, especially noncommon types, can be expensive, and require time, materials, and tools to install, so they are a non-trivial part of piping and plumbing systems. Valves are technically fittings, but are usually discussed separately.
Common fittings for both piping and plumbing
Elbow
A pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or tube allowing a change of direction, usually 90° or 45°. The ends may be machined for butt welding, threaded (usually female), or socketed, etc. When the two ends differ in size, it is called a reducing or reducer elbow.
Most elbows are available in short radius or long radius of types. The short radius elbows have a center to end distance equal to the NPS in inches, while the long radius is 1.5 times the NPS in inches. Short elbows are universally available; long elbows are readily available in Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS, plastic), PVC for DWV, sewage and central vacuums, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) and copper for 1950s to 1960s houses with copper drains.
Tee
A tee is used to either combine or split a fluid flow. Most common are tees with the same inlet and outlet sizes, but 'reducing' tees are available as well. Tee-fittings are also an integral part of the computer-enthusiast level watercooling solutions found in many modern enthusiast PCs. The fitting is one of the three main components of a T-Line, alongside an end-cap or fillport and a length of tubing. They are plumbed into the system, with the perpendicular barb (and its attached stretch of tubing leading to a fillport or a cap).
Common fittings for both piping and plumbing
Elbow
A pipe fitting installed between two lengths of pipe or tube allowing a change of direction, usually 90° or 45°. The ends may be machined for butt welding, threaded (usually female), or socketed, etc. When the two ends differ in size, it is called a reducing or reducer elbow.
Most elbows are available in short radius or long radius of types. The short radius elbows have a center to end distance equal to the NPS in inches, while the long radius is 1.5 times the NPS in inches. Short elbows are universally available; long elbows are readily available in Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS, plastic), PVC for DWV, sewage and central vacuums, chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) and copper for 1950s to 1960s houses with copper drains.
Tee
A tee is used to either combine or split a fluid flow. Most common are tees with the same inlet and outlet sizes, but 'reducing' tees are available as well. Tee-fittings are also an integral part of the computer-enthusiast level watercooling solutions found in many modern enthusiast PCs. The fitting is one of the three main components of a T-Line, alongside an end-cap or fillport and a length of tubing. They are plumbed into the system, with the perpendicular barb (and its attached stretch of tubing leading to a fillport or a cap).
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